{"id":7,"date":"2015-04-22T12:32:04","date_gmt":"2015-04-22T10:32:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2015-08-27T09:01:02","modified_gmt":"2015-08-27T07:01:02","slug":"1-1-istorijski-razvoj-doba-mehanike","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/?page_id=7","title":{"rendered":"1.1.Istorijski razvoj &#8211; doba mehanike"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Razvoju ra\u010dunara prethodio je dug razvoj matematike, logike, fizike i tehnologije. Nekoliko va\u017enih doga\u0111aja i velikih ljudi je kroz istoriju utrlo put stvaranju ra\u010dunara kakve danas poznajemo.<\/p>\n<table class=\"txt\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>2600.\u00a0p.n.e.<\/b><\/td>\n<td>U <b>Kini<\/b> je napravljena prva ma\u0161ina za pomo\u0107 u ra\u010dunanju \u2013 <b>abakus<\/b>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>300.\u00a0p.n.e.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Euklid<\/b> sa\u017eima celokupno znanje matematike i geometrije starih Grka u jednu knjigu <b>&#8222;Elementi&#8220;<\/b>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1500.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Leonardo da Vin\u010di<\/b> (<i>Leonardo da Vinci<\/i>) osmi\u0161ljava tzv. <b>&#8222;ma\u0161inu za sabiranje&#8220;<\/b>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1614.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>D\u017eon Nepijer<\/b> (<i>John Napier of Merchiston<\/i>) opisuje prirodu logaritama i konstrui\u0161e verziju abakusa za mno\u017eenje, deljenje i korenovanje pod nazivom <b>&#8222;Nepijerove kosti&#8220;<\/b>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1621.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Vilijam Otred<\/b> (<i>William Oughtred<\/i>) na osnovu Nepijerovih prou\u010davanja konstrui\u0161e <b>Logaritmar<\/b> \u2013 abakus za ra\u010dunanje logaritama koji se kasnije koristio preko 300 godina.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<aside class=\"savet\"><b>Logaritmi slu\u017ee za ra\u010dunanje eksponenta stepenovanja nekog broja<\/b>, npr. ako je<b>2<sup>3<\/sup> = 8<\/b> \u00a0 onda je \u00a0 <b>log<sub>2<\/sub>(8) = 3<\/b>Logaritmi kao takvi su te\u0161ki za izra\u010dunavanje i pojavljivanje ma\u0161ine koji ih ra\u010duna predstavlja veliki korak. Logaritme ne treba me\u0161ati sa algoritmima. \ud83d\ude42<\/aside>\n<table class=\"txt\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1623.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Vilhelm \u0160ikard<\/b> (<i>Wilhelm Schickard<\/i>) <b>kreira Ra\u010dunski sat<\/b>, prvi mehani\u010dki kalkulator, zasnovan na ideji Nepijerovih kostiju.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-racunski-sat.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> Replika \u0160ikardovog Ra\u010dunskog sata <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1642.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Blez Paskal<\/b> (<i>Blaise Pascal<\/i>) <b>konstrui\u0161e aritmeti\u010dku ma\u0161inu Paskalinu<\/b>, koja mo\u017ee da sabira i oduzima. U njegovu \u010dast je programski jezik Pascal dobio ime.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-paskalina.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> Paskalina <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1670.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Gotfrid Lajbnic<\/b> (<i>Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz<\/i>) <b>pobolj\u0161ava Paskalinu<\/b> i dodaje joj mogu\u0107nosti mno\u017eenja, deljenja i korenovanja.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-leibniz.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> Gotfrid Lajbnic <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1679.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Lajbnic osmi\u0161ljava aritmetiku sa binarnim brojevima.<\/b> Tako\u0111e dokazuje da se <b>svaki broj<\/b> mo\u017ee predstaviti samo kori\u0161\u0107enjem <b>cifara 0 i 1<\/b>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1804.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u017doze-Mari \u017dakar<\/b> (<i>Joseph-Marie Jacquard<\/i>) <b>programira razboj za tkanje koriste\u0107i bu\u0161ene kartice<\/b> za kreiranje \u0161ara na tkanini.Ovaj izum se smatra <b>za\u010detkom programiranja<\/b>. Tako\u0111e, izazvao je i <b>prvi talas straha od automatizacije<\/b>. 1811. <b>Ned Lud<\/b> (Ned Ludd) je poveo tka\u010de, koji su strahovali da \u0107e ostati bez posla, u <b>napad na ma\u0161ine<\/b>. Programeri se i dan-danas u ve\u0107oj ili manjoj meri suo\u010davaju sa ljudima koji se iz straha ili neznanja protive uvo\u0111enju informacionih tehnologija.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-razboj.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> \u017dakarov razboj u Muzeju tehnike u Berlinu <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1822.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u010carls Bebid\u017e<\/b> (<i>Charles Babbage<\/i>), matemati\u010dar i profesor na Kembrid\u017eu, <b>konstrui\u0161e Diferencijalnu ma\u0161inu<\/b> \u2013 mehani\u010dki kalkulator koji je mogao da sabira i oduzima.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-dif-masina.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> Diferencijalna ma\u0161ina napravljena prema Bebid\u017eovom projektu<br \/>\nizlo\u017eena u Muzeju ra\u010dunarske istorije, Mauntin Vju, Kalifornija <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1830.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Bebid\u017e projektuje Analiti\u010dku ma\u0161inu<\/b>, na kojoj radi slede\u0107ih \u010detrdeset godina, do kraja \u017eivota, ali ne uspeva da je zavr\u0161i. <b>To je trebalo da bude prvi mehani\u010dki ra\u010dunar koji je mogao da se programira.<\/b><\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-babbage.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> \u010carls Bebid\u017e <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1843.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Ejda Avgusta King<\/b> (<i>Augusta Ada King<\/i>), \u0107erka pesnika Bajrona, poznata i kao <b>Ejda Lavlejs<\/b> (<i>Ada Lovelace<\/i>) <b>kreira program koji je trebalo da se izvr\u0161ava na Analiti\u010dkoj ma\u0161ini<\/b>. Da je ma\u0161ina ikada konstruisana, program bi izra\u010dunavao Bernulijev niz brojeva.Ada Avgusta je ostala upam\u0107ena kao <b>prvi programer u istoriji ra\u010dunara<\/b>. U njenu \u010dast jedan programski jezik nosi ime ADA.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"kont\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/img\/hist-ada-lovelace.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div><figcaption> Alfred E. Chalon &#8222;Portret Ade Lavlejs&#8220; <sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webnstudy.com\/tema.php?id=doba-mehanike#citat_5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1854.<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>D\u017eor\u017e Bul<\/b> (<i>George Boole<\/i>) dalje razvija algebru nad binarnim brojevima i <b>logi\u010dke operacije sa logi\u010dkim vrednostima \u2013 konjunkciju, disjunkciju, negaciju<\/b>.U njegovu \u010dast, ove operacije nose naziv Bulova algebra.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/?page_id=11\">Slede\u0107a lekcija<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol class=\"reference\">\n<li id=\"citat_2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg#mediaviewer\/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg\">Arts et Metiers Pascaline dsc03869<\/a>&#8220; by <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Blaise Pascal\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blaise_Pascal\">Blaise Pascal<\/a>. Licensed under <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> via <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"citat_3\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deutsches_Technikmuseum_Berlin_February_2008_0013.JPG#mediaviewer\/File:Deutsches_Technikmuseum_Berlin_February_2008_0013.JPG\">Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin February 2008 0013<\/a>&#8220; by <a class=\"new\" title=\"User:EmptyTerms (page does not exist)\" href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=User:EmptyTerms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">User:EmptyTerms<\/a> &#8211; <span class=\"int-own-work\">Own work<\/span> (own photo). Licensed under <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> via <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"citat_4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ACharles_Babbage_-_1860.jpg\">Charles Babbage &#8211; 1860<\/a>&#8220; by Unknown. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons<\/li>\n<li id=\"citat_5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg#mediaviewer\/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg\">Ada Lovelace portrait<\/a>&#8220; by <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:Alfred Edward Chalon\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Edward_Chalon\">Alfred Edward Chalon<\/a> &#8211; <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scienceandsociety.co.uk\/results.asp?image=10312035\" rel=\"nofollow\">Science &amp; Society Picture Library<\/a>. Licensed under Public domain via <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"citat_6\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Difference_engine.JPG#mediaviewer\/File:Difference_engine.JPG\">Difference engine<\/a>&#8220; by Allan J. Cronin. Original uploader was <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"en:User:Canticle\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Canticle\">Canticle<\/a> at <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\">en.wikipedia<\/a> &#8211; Transferred from <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\">en.wikipedia<\/a>; transferred to Commons by <a title=\"User:Sreejithk2000\" href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Sreejithk2000\">User:Sreejithk2000<\/a> using <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/tools.wikimedia.de\/%7Emagnus\/commonshelper.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">CommonsHelper<\/a>.(Original text\u00a0: I created this work entirely by myself.). Licensed under <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> via <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"citat_7\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg#mediaviewer\/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg\">Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz<\/a>&#8220; by <a title=\"Christoph Bernhard Francke\" href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Christoph_Bernhard_Francke\">Christoph Bernhard Francke<\/a> &#8211; \/gbrown\/philosophers\/leibniz\/BritannicaPages\/Leibniz\/LeibnizGif.html. Licensed under Public domain via <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Razvoju ra\u010dunara prethodio je dug razvoj matematike, logike, fizike i tehnologije. Nekoliko va\u017enih doga\u0111aja i velikih ljudi je kroz istoriju utrlo put stvaranju ra\u010dunara kakve danas poznajemo. 2600.\u00a0p.n.e. U Kini je napravljena prva ma\u0161ina za pomo\u0107 u ra\u010dunanju \u2013 abakus. 300.\u00a0p.n.e. Euklid sa\u017eima celokupno znanje matematike i geometrije starih Grka u jednu knjigu &#8222;Elementi&#8220;. 1500. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/?page_id=7\" class=\"more-link\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u045a\u0435\u043c <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">1.1.Istorijski razvoj &#8211; doba mehanike<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":127,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":325,"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions\/325"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lekcije.mfp.co.rs\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}